Barkcloth beater with cigar-shaped head of reddish wood with face deeply cross-hatched, and handle of cane inserted through a hole burnt in the head: Africa, Eastern Africa, Uganda or Kenya, Lake Victoria, early 20th century

Carved wooden nsamu esaka or beater used in making barkcloth, deeply grooved with elliptical head and stout cylindrical handle: Africa, East Africa, Uganda, Masaka, early-mid 20th century

Carved wooden circular headed nsamu nzituzi or beater used in making barkcloth, encircled by fine grooves and stout cylindrical handle: Africa, East Africa, Uganda, Masaka, early -mid 20th century

Barkcloth beater with wooden haft, split to receive a head, with cross-hatched face, consisting of the blackened tip of an elephant's tusk lashed into position by a strip of cane: Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, early 20th century

Barkcloth beater with wooden haft, abruptly expanded at butt, with large head, through an oblique perforation in which the roughly conical wooden blade is driven: Africa, South Africa, Ngoni, early 20th century

Cigar-shaped barkcloth beater of heavy greyish-green stone, pointed at both ends, one side slightly flattened and rudely engraved with a series of shallow grooves: Melanesian, Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal